{"id":1678,"date":"2026-06-16T20:40:34","date_gmt":"2026-06-16T13:40:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?page_id=1678"},"modified":"2026-06-17T22:13:57","modified_gmt":"2026-06-17T15:13:57","slug":"fundamental-theorem-of-calculus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/learning-resources\/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus\/","title":{"rendered":"The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-right\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/media-pengajaran\/teorema-fundamental-kalkulus\/\">ID<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Have you ever wondered why integration and differentiation are often described as inverse operations? The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus reveals the connection between them. It links two major branches of calculus: integral calculus and differential calculus. In this interactive learning activity, you&#8217;ll investigate this connection and build your understanding step by step. Ready to explore? Let&#8217;s go!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-gray-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\">Modeling Area<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In <a href=\"#calculator1\">Visualization 1-1<\/a>, you&#8217;ll investigate the area between the graph of a function and the <em>x<\/em>-axis. Start by setting the left endpoint (Start), then move the right endpoint (End) back and forth. As you do, pay close attention to what happens in <a href=\"#calculator2\">Visualizations 1-2<\/a> and <a href=\"#calculator3\">1-3<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<figure>\n<div id=\"calculator1\" class=\"aligncenter size-full\" style=\"width: 380px; height: 380px;\"><\/div>\n<figcaption>Visualization 1-1<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<figure>\n<div id=\"calculator2\" class=\"aligncenter size-full\" style=\"width: 380px; height: 380px;\"><\/div>\n<figcaption>Visualization 1-2<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<figure>\n<div id=\"calculator3\" class=\"aligncenter size-full\" style=\"width: 380px; height: 380px;\"><\/div>\n<figcaption>Visualization 1-3<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Use the questions below to guide your exploration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>In <a href=\"#calculator2\">Visualization 1-2<\/a>, what do Upper Area (Positive), Lower Area (Negative), and Total Area represent? How do you think these three quantities are related?<\/li><li>In <a href=\"#calculator3\">Visualization 1-3<\/a>, the <em>y<\/em>-coordinate of the blue point represents the Total Area shown in Visualization 1-2. Its <em>x<\/em>-coordinate matches the <em>x<\/em>-coordinate of the red point in <a href=\"#calculator1\">Visualization 1-1<\/a>. As you move the End slider in <a href=\"#calculator1\">Visualization 1-1<\/a>, how does the blue point move?<ul><li>What might it mean when the blue point moves upward and to the right?<\/li><li>What might it mean when the blue point moves downward and to the right?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>In <a href=\"#calculator3\">Visualization 1-3<\/a>, click the &#8220;Trace&#8221; button to leave a trail showing the blue point&#8217;s movement. Then continue adjusting the End slider in <a href=\"#calculator1\">Visualization 1-1<\/a>. What patterns do you notice in the trail? What story might those patterns be telling?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-gray-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\">Making Sense of Rates of Change<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s explore the rate of change of area in <a href=\"#calculator4\">Visualization 2-1<\/a> and the rate of change of a function&#8217;s value in <a href=\"#calculator5\">Visualization 2-2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<figure>\n<div id=\"calculator4\" class=\"aligncenter size-full\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 400px;\"><\/div>\n<figcaption>Visualization 2-1<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<figure>\n<div id=\"calculator5\" class=\"aligncenter size-full\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 400px;\"><\/div>\n<figcaption>Visualization 2-2<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As you explore, use the questions below to help guide your thinking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>In <a href=\"#calculator4\">Visualization 2-1<\/a>, choose a partition size: Large, Medium, or Small, and move the End slider. What do you notice? What do you wonder?<\/li><li>What does the slope of the secant line in <a href=\"#calculator5\">Visualization 2-2<\/a> represent? (If you can&#8217;t see it yet, try moving the End slider.)<ul><li>What does a positive slope tell you? Why are some secant lines steeper than others?<\/li><li>What does a negative slope tell you?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Alex shares this observation: &#8220;The size of the secant line&#8217;s slope seems to be related to the value of the function shown by the red graph in <a href=\"#calculator4\">Visualization 2-1<\/a>. This relationship becomes especially clear when the Small partition is selected.&#8221; Do you agree with Alex? Why or why not?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-gray-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\">Connecting Two Graphs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Move the black point in <a href=\"#calculator6\">Visualization 3-1<\/a> and see what happens!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<figure>\n<div id=\"calculator6\" class=\"aligncenter size-full\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 400px;\"><\/div>\n<figcaption>Visualization 3-1<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\">\n<figure>\n<div id=\"calculator7\" class=\"aligncenter size-full\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 400px;\"><\/div>\n<figcaption>Visualization 3-2<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n<script>\n  var calculator1 = 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   \"latex\": \"p_{positif}=\\\\frac{L_{positif}}{60}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"27\",\n                \"folderId\": \"7\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"h_{p}=2.5+p_{positif}\\\\cdot5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"23\",\n                \"folderId\": \"7\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(-7.5,2.5\\\\right),\\\\left(-2.5,2.5\\\\right),\\\\left(-2.5,h_{p}\\\\right),\\\\left(-7.5,h_{p}\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fill\": true,\n                \"lines\": false\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"26\",\n                \"folderId\": \"7\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": 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\"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"38\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{total}=L_{positif}-L_{negatif}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"39\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"p_{total}=\\\\frac{L_{total}}{60}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"40\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"h_{t}=-7.5+p_{total}\\\\cdot5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"25\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(-2.5,h_{t}\\\\right),\\\\left(2.5,h_{t}\\\\right),\\\\left(2.5,-7.5\\\\right),\\\\left(-2.5,-7.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fill\": true,\n                \"lines\": false\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"41\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(-2.5,-2.5\\\\right),\\\\left(2.5,-2.5\\\\right),\\\\left(2.5,-7.5\\\\right),\\\\left(-2.5,-7.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fill\": false\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"44\",\n                \"title\": \"Label\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"45\",\n                \"folderId\": \"44\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(-5,8.25\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Upper Area (Positive)\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"46\",\n                \"folderId\": \"44\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(5,8.25\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Lower Area (Negative)\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"47\",\n                \"folderId\": \"44\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(0,-1.75\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Total Area\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\"\n            }\n        ]\n    },\n    \"includeFunctionParametersInRandomSeed\": true,\n    \"doNotMigrateMovablePointStyle\": true\n};\n  \n  var state3 = {\n    \"version\": 11,\n    \"randomSeed\": \"f82bf944b52d68dd720f2d934001e6b3\",\n    \"graph\": {\n        \"viewport\": {\n            \"xmin\": -3,\n            \"ymin\": -7.5,\n            \"xmax\": 33,\n            \"ymax\": 65\n        },\n        \"showGrid\": false,\n        \"xAxisArrowMode\": \"POSITIVE\",\n        \"yAxisArrowMode\": \"POSITIVE\",\n        \"xAxisLabel\": \"x\",\n        \"yAxisLabel\": \"Area\",\n        \"xAxisNumbers\": false,\n        \"yAxisNumbers\": false,\n        \"polarNumbers\": false,\n        \"userLockedViewport\": true,\n        \"squareAxes\": false,\n        \"__v12ViewportLatexStash\": {\n            \"xmin\": \"-3\",\n            \"xmax\": \"33\",\n            \"ymin\": \"-7.5\",\n            \"ymax\": \"65\"\n        }\n    },\n    \"expressions\": {\n        \"list\": [\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"2\",\n                \"title\": \"Variabel\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"3\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"x_{0}=20\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"30\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"7\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{total}=34\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"60\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"35\",\n                \"title\": \"Bantuan koordinat\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"36\",\n                \"folderId\": \"35\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le L_{total}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \".8\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"37\",\n                \"folderId\": \"35\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"y=L_{total}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \".8\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"9\",\n                \"title\": \"Jejak titik\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"10\",\n                \"folderId\": \"9\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"h_{apus}=A_{daftar}\\\\to\\\\left[\\\\left(0,0\\\\right)\\\\right]\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"11\",\n                \"folderId\": \"9\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": \"A_{daftar}=\\\\left[\\\\left(0,0\\\\right)\\\\right]\",\n                \"hidden\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"12\",\n                \"folderId\": \"9\",\n                \"color\": \"#6042a6\",\n                \"latex\": \"i_{nList}\\\\left(L_{ist},P\\\\right)=\\\\left\\\\{\\\\operatorname{total}\\\\left(\\\\sum_{n=\\\\left[1...\\\\operatorname{length}\\\\left(L_{ist}\\\\right)\\\\right]}^{\\\\left[1...\\\\operatorname{length}\\\\left(L_{ist}\\\\right)\\\\right]}\\\\left\\\\{P.x=L_{ist}\\\\left[n\\\\right].x:\\\\left\\\\{P.y=L_{ist}\\\\left[n\\\\right].y:1,0\\\\right\\\\},0\\\\right\\\\}\\\\right)\\\\ge1:1,0\\\\right\\\\}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"13\",\n                \"folderId\": \"9\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"t_{ambah}=\\\\left\\\\{i_{nList}\\\\left(A_{daftar},A\\\\right)=0:A_{daftar}\\\\to\\\\operatorname{join}\\\\left(A_{daftar},A\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"14\",\n                \"folderId\": \"9\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"A_{tampil}=A_{daftar}\\\\left[2...\\\\operatorname{length}\\\\left(A_{daftar}\\\\right)\\\\right]\\\\left\\\\{\\\\operatorname{length}\\\\left(A_{daftar}\\\\right)>1\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"pointOpacity\": \".6\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"5\",\n                \"title\": \"Model\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"6\",\n                \"folderId\": \"5\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"A=\\\\left(x_{0},L_{total}\\\\right)\",\n                \"dragMode\": \"NONE\",\n                \"pointOutline\": true,\n                \"pointSize\": \"10\",\n                \"movablePointSize\": \"10\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"16\",\n                \"title\": \"Tombol\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"18\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"text\": \"Rekam jejak\/berhenti rekam\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"19\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#6042a6\",\n                \"latex\": \"r_{ekam}=0\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"1\",\n                    \"step\": \"1\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"25\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(21,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(32,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(32,63.5\\\\right),\\\\left(21,63.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fill\": true,\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"colorLatex\": \"w_{putih}\",\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"1\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.25\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"26\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(21,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(32,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(32,63.5\\\\right),\\\\left(21,63.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fill\": true,\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.25\",\n                \"clickableInfo\": {\n                    \"enabled\": true,\n                    \"latex\": \"r_{ekam}\\\\to1-r_{ekam}\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"27\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(\\\\frac{21+32}{2},\\\\frac{57.5+63.5}{2}\\\\left\\\\{r_{ekam}=0\\\\right\\\\}\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Trace\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\",\n                \"pointOpacity\": \".8\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"28\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(\\\\frac{21+32}{2},\\\\frac{57.5+63.5}{2}\\\\left\\\\{r_{ekam}=1\\\\right\\\\}\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Stop tracing\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\",\n                \"pointOpacity\": \".8\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"30\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"text\": \"Hapus\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"31\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(13,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(20,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(20,63.5\\\\right),\\\\left(13,63.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fill\": true,\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"colorLatex\": \"w_{putih}\",\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"1\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.25\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"32\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(13,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(20,57.5\\\\right),\\\\left(20,63.5\\\\right),\\\\left(13,63.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fill\": true,\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.25\",\n                \"clickableInfo\": {\n                    \"enabled\": true,\n                    \"latex\": \"h_{apus}\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"33\",\n                \"folderId\": \"16\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(\\\\frac{13+20}{2},\\\\frac{57.5+63.5}{2}\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Clear\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\",\n                \"pointOpacity\": \".8\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"21\",\n                \"title\": \"Warna\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"22\",\n                \"folderId\": \"21\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"w_{putih}=\\\\operatorname{rgb}\\\\left(255,255,255\\\\right)\"\n            }\n        ],\n        \"ticker\": {\n            \"handlerLatex\": \"\\\\left\\\\{r_{ekam}=1:t_{ambah}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n            \"playing\": true,\n            \"open\": true\n        }\n    },\n    \"includeFunctionParametersInRandomSeed\": true,\n    \"doNotMigrateMovablePointStyle\": true\n};\n  \n  var state4 = {\n    \"version\": 11,\n    \"randomSeed\": \"4557fe1dd33de404a7d7ab4bbd0e96b1\",\n    \"graph\": {\n        \"viewport\": {\n            \"xmin\": -3,\n            \"ymin\": -15,\n            \"xmax\": 33,\n            \"ymax\": 15\n        },\n        \"showGrid\": false,\n        \"xAxisStep\": 5,\n        \"yAxisStep\": 5,\n        \"xAxisArrowMode\": \"BOTH\",\n        \"yAxisArrowMode\": \"BOTH\",\n        \"xAxisLabel\": \"x\",\n        \"yAxisLabel\": \"y\",\n        \"xAxisNumbers\": false,\n        \"yAxisNumbers\": false,\n        \"polarNumbers\": false,\n        \"userLockedViewport\": true,\n        \"squareAxes\": false,\n        \"__v12ViewportLatexStash\": {\n            \"xmin\": \"-3\",\n            \"xmax\": \"33\",\n            \"ymin\": \"-15\",\n            \"ymax\": \"15\"\n        }\n    },\n    \"expressions\": {\n        \"list\": [\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"74\",\n                \"title\": \"Variabel\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"19\",\n                \"folderId\": \"74\",\n                \"text\": \"Awal penghitungan luas:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"16\",\n                \"folderId\": \"74\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"a=0\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"5\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"15\",\n                \"title\": \"Parameter\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"84\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"text\": \"Besar partisi:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"85\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"p_{ar}=2\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"2\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"21\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"text\": \"Selisih:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"17\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"d=0\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"30-a\",\n                    \"step\": \"p_{ar}\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"24\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"text\": \"Ujung kanan penghitungan luas:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"25\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"x_{0}=a+d\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"32\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"text\": \"Slider akhir:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"33\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"y=-10\\\\left\\\\{5\\\\le x\\\\le25\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \"0.2\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"10\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"53\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"y=-10\\\\left\\\\{5\\\\le x\\\\le\\\\frac{20}{30-a}d+5\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \"1\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"47\",\n                \"folderId\": \"15\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(\\\\frac{20}{30-a}d+5,-10\\\\right)\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"2\",\n                \"title\": \"Daerah terarsir\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"22\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": \"0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(x\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{a\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge a+p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0.6\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"75\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": \"0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(x\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge a+p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"27\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"f\\\\left(x\\\\right)\\\\le y\\\\le0\\\\left\\\\{a\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge a+p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0.6\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"76\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"f\\\\left(x\\\\right)\\\\le y\\\\le0\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge a+p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"42\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"text\": \"Awal:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"43\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=a\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(a\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"46\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"text\": \"Akhir atas:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"44\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"80\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le f\\\\left(x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge a+p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"79\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"text\": \"Akhir bawah:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"45\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}\\\\left\\\\{f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\le y\\\\le0\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{0>f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"81\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\left\\\\{f\\\\left(x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right)\\\\le y\\\\le0\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{0>f\\\\left(x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge a+p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"4\",\n                \"title\": \"Fungsi\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"55\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Fungsi orisinal:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"13\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"f\\\\left(x\\\\right)=\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x<10:3.5\\\\left(1-\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{10}x\\\\right)\\\\right),10\\\\le x<15:3.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{5}\\\\left(x-10\\\\right)\\\\right)+3.5,15\\\\le x<25:2.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{5}\\\\left(x-15\\\\right)\\\\right)-2.5,25\\\\le x<28:1.5-1.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{3}\\\\left(x-25\\\\right)\\\\right),28\\\\le x\\\\le30:1.5+1.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2}\\\\left(x-28\\\\right)\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"3\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"82\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(x_{0},f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right)\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"57\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Luas daerah total:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"58\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#6042a6\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{total}=\\\\int_{a}^{x_{0}}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"60\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Luas daerah atas (positif):\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"61\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{positif}=\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x_{0}<15:\\\\int_{a}^{x_{0}}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt,15\\\\le x_{0}<25:\\\\int_{a}^{15}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt,25\\\\le x_{0}\\\\le30:\\\\int_{a}^{15}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt+\\\\int_{25}^{x_{0}}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt\\\\right\\\\}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"63\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Luas daerah bawah (negatif):\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"64\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{negatif}=\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x_{0}<15:0,15\\\\le x_{0}<25:\\\\int_{15}^{x_{0}}-f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt,25\\\\le x_{0}\\\\le30:\\\\int_{15}^{25}-f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt\\\\right\\\\}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"89\",\n                \"title\": \"Tombol\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"115\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"text\": \"Label:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"116\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(12,\\\\frac{12+14.5}{2}\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Partition size:\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelOrientation\": \"left\",\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\",\n                \"pointOpacity\": \".8\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"91\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"text\": \"Partisi kecil:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"92\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(25.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(32,12\\\\right),\\\\left(32,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(25.5,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"colorLatex\": \"w_{putih}\",\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"1\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"108\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(25.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(32,12\\\\right),\\\\left(32,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(25.5,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{p_{ar}=0.5\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"fillOpacity\": \".2\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"105\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(25.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(32,12\\\\right),\\\\left(32,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(25.5,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\",\n                \"clickableInfo\": {\n                    \"enabled\": true,\n                    \"latex\": \"p_{ar}\\\\to0.5\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"111\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(\\\\frac{25.5+32}{2},\\\\frac{12+14.5}{2}\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Small\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\",\n                \"pointOpacity\": \".8\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"95\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"text\": \"Partisi sedang:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"96\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(19,12\\\\right),\\\\left(25.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(25.5,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(19,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"colorLatex\": \"w_{putih}\",\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"1\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"109\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(19,12\\\\right),\\\\left(25.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(25.5,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(19,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{p_{ar}=1\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0.2\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"106\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n      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         \"id\": \"99\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"text\": \"Partisi besar:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"100\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(12.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(19,12\\\\right),\\\\left(19,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(12.5,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"colorLatex\": \"w_{putih}\",\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"1\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"110\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(12.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(19,12\\\\right),\\\\left(19,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(12.5,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{p_{ar}=2\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false,\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0.2\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"107\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\operatorname{polygon}\\\\left(\\\\left(12.5,12\\\\right),\\\\left(19,12\\\\right),\\\\left(19,14.5\\\\right),\\\\left(12.5,14.5\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"fillOpacity\": \"0\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\",\n                \"clickableInfo\": {\n                    \"enabled\": true,\n                    \"latex\": \"p_{ar}\\\\to2\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"113\",\n                \"folderId\": \"89\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(\\\\frac{12.5+19}{2},\\\\frac{12+14.5}{2}\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"Large\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\",\n                \"pointOpacity\": \".8\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"68\",\n                \"title\": \"Label\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"71\",\n                \"folderId\": \"68\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(4,-10\\\\right)\",\n                \"showLabel\": true,\n                \"label\": \"End\",\n                \"hidden\": true,\n                \"labelOrientation\": \"left\",\n                \"labelSize\": \".9\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"103\",\n                \"title\": \"Warna\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"104\",\n                \"folderId\": \"103\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"w_{putih}=\\\\operatorname{rgb}\\\\left(255,255,255\\\\right)\"\n            }\n        ]\n    },\n    \"includeFunctionParametersInRandomSeed\": true,\n    \"doNotMigrateMovablePointStyle\": true\n};\n  \n  var state5 = {\n    \"version\": 11,\n    \"randomSeed\": \"f82bf944b52d68dd720f2d934001e6b3\",\n    \"graph\": {\n        \"viewport\": {\n            \"xmin\": -3,\n            \"ymin\": -7.5,\n            \"xmax\": 33,\n            \"ymax\": 65\n        },\n        \"showGrid\": false,\n        \"xAxisArrowMode\": \"POSITIVE\",\n        \"yAxisArrowMode\": 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 \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"60\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"3\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"x_{0}=20\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"30\",\n                    \"step\": \"2\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"58\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"p_{ar}=2\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"2\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"52\",\n                \"title\": \"Bantuan koordinat\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"53\",\n                \"folderId\": \"52\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le F\\\\left(x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \".5\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"55\",\n                \"folderId\": \"52\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le F\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \".5\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"56\",\n                \"folderId\": \"52\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"y=F\\\\left(x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}-p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{x_{0}\\\\ge p_{ar}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \".75\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"57\",\n                \"folderId\": \"52\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"y=F\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \".75\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"5\",\n                \"title\": \"Model\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"35\",\n                \"folderId\": \"5\",\n                \"text\": \"Fungsi orisinal:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"36\",\n                \"folderId\": \"5\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"f\\\\left(x\\\\right)=\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x<10:3.5\\\\left(1-\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{10}x\\\\right)\\\\right),10\\\\le x<15:3.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{5}\\\\left(x-10\\\\right)\\\\right)+3.5,15\\\\le x<25:2.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{5}\\\\left(x-15\\\\right)\\\\right)-2.5,25\\\\le x<28:1.5-1.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{3}\\\\left(x-25\\\\right)\\\\right),28\\\\le 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\"viewport\": {\n            \"xmin\": -3,\n            \"ymin\": -7.5,\n            \"xmax\": 33,\n            \"ymax\": 65\n        },\n        \"showGrid\": false,\n        \"xAxisArrowMode\": \"POSITIVE\",\n        \"yAxisArrowMode\": \"POSITIVE\",\n        \"xAxisLabel\": \"x\",\n        \"yAxisLabel\": \"Area\",\n        \"xAxisNumbers\": false,\n        \"yAxisNumbers\": false,\n        \"polarNumbers\": false,\n\t\t\"userLockedViewport\": true,\n        \"squareAxes\": false,\n        \"__v12ViewportLatexStash\": {\n            \"xmin\": \"-3\",\n            \"xmax\": \"33\",\n            \"ymin\": \"-7.5\",\n            \"ymax\": \"65\"\n        }\n    },\n    \"expressions\": {\n        \"list\": [\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"2\",\n                \"title\": \"Variabel\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"7\",\n           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                \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"30\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"52\",\n                \"title\": \"Bantuan koordinat\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"55\",\n                \"folderId\": \"52\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le F\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineOpacity\": \".5\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"60\",\n                \"folderId\": \"52\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": 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               \"title\": \"Garis singgung\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"49\",\n                \"folderId\": \"41\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(x_{0}+t,F\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)+f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)t\\\\right)\",\n                \"parametricDomain\": {\n                    \"min\": \"-2\",\n                    \"max\": \"2\"\n                },\n                \"domain\": {\n                    \"min\": \"-2\",\n                    \"max\": \"2\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"47\",\n                \"folderId\": \"41\",\n                \"color\": \"#2d70b3\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(x_{0},F\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right)\",\n                \"dragMode\": \"NONE\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"58\",\n                \"title\": \"Slider\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"59\",\n                \"folderId\": \"58\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(a+d,0\\\\right)\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"21\",\n                \"title\": \"Warna\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"22\",\n                \"folderId\": \"21\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"w_{putih}=\\\\operatorname{rgb}\\\\left(255,255,255\\\\right)\"\n            }\n        ]\n    },\n    \"includeFunctionParametersInRandomSeed\": true,\n    \"doNotMigrateMovablePointStyle\": true\n};\n  \n  var state7 = {\n    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\"d=0\",\n                \"slider\": {\n                    \"hardMin\": true,\n                    \"hardMax\": true,\n                    \"min\": \"0\",\n                    \"max\": \"30-a\"\n                }\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"85\",\n                \"folderId\": \"74\",\n                \"text\": \"Nilai x:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"86\",\n                \"folderId\": \"74\",\n                \"color\": \"#6042a6\",\n                \"latex\": \"x_{0}=a+d\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"2\",\n                \"title\": \"Daerah terarsir\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"75\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": \"0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(x\\\\right)\\\\left\\\\{a\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"76\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"f\\\\left(x\\\\right)\\\\le y\\\\le0\\\\left\\\\{a\\\\le x\\\\le x_{0}\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lines\": false\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"42\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"text\": \"Awal:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"43\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=a\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(a\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"46\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"text\": \"Akhir atas:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"44\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le y\\\\le f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"79\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"text\": \"Akhir bawah:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"45\",\n                \"folderId\": \"2\",\n                \"color\": \"#000000\",\n                \"latex\": \"x=x_{0}\\\\left\\\\{f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\le y\\\\le0\\\\right\\\\}\\\\left\\\\{0>f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineStyle\": \"DASHED\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"1.5\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"folder\",\n                \"id\": \"4\",\n                \"title\": \"Fungsi\",\n                \"collapsed\": true\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"55\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Fungsi orisinal:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"13\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"f\\\\left(x\\\\right)=\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x<10:3.5\\\\left(1-\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{10}x\\\\right)\\\\right),10\\\\le x<15:3.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{5}\\\\left(x-10\\\\right)\\\\right)+3.5,15\\\\le x<25:2.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{5}\\\\left(x-15\\\\right)\\\\right)-2.5,25\\\\le x<28:1.5-1.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{3}\\\\left(x-25\\\\right)\\\\right),28\\\\le x\\\\le30:1.5+1.5\\\\cos\\\\left(\\\\frac{\\\\pi}{2}\\\\left(x-28\\\\right)\\\\right)\\\\right\\\\}\",\n                \"lineWidth\": \"3\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"80\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"\\\\left(x_{0},f\\\\left(x_{0}\\\\right)\\\\right)\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"57\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Luas daerah total:\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"58\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#6042a6\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{total}=\\\\int_{a}^{x_{0}}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"60\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Luas daerah atas (positif):\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"61\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#c74440\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{positif}=\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x_{0}<15:\\\\int_{a}^{x_{0}}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt,15\\\\le x_{0}<25:\\\\int_{a}^{15}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt,25\\\\le x_{0}\\\\le30:\\\\int_{a}^{15}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt+\\\\int_{25}^{x_{0}}f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt\\\\right\\\\}\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"text\",\n                \"id\": \"63\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"text\": \"Luas daerah bawah (negatif):\"\n            },\n            {\n                \"type\": \"expression\",\n                \"id\": \"64\",\n                \"folderId\": \"4\",\n                \"color\": \"#388c46\",\n                \"latex\": \"L_{negatif}=\\\\left\\\\{0\\\\le x_{0}<15:0,15\\\\le x_{0}<25:\\\\int_{15}^{x_{0}}-f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt,25\\\\le x_{0}\\\\le30:\\\\int_{15}^{25}-f\\\\left(t\\\\right)dt\\\\right\\\\}\"\n            }\n        ]\n    },\n    \"includeFunctionParametersInRandomSeed\": true,\n    \"doNotMigrateMovablePointStyle\": true\n};\n\n  calculator1.setState(state1);\n  calculator2.setState(state2);\n  calculator3.setState(state3);\n  calculator4.setState(state4);\n  calculator5.setState(state5);\n  calculator6.setState(state6);\n  calculator7.setState(state7);\n\n  \/\/ Source\n  var aHelper = calculator1.HelperExpression({ latex: 'a' });\n  var x0Helper_1 = calculator1.HelperExpression({ latex: 'x_0' });\n  var LtotalHelper_1 = calculator1.HelperExpression({ latex: 'L_{total}' });\n  var LpositifHelper_1 = calculator1.HelperExpression({ latex: 'L_{positif}' });\n  var LnegatifHelper_1 = calculator1.HelperExpression({ latex: 'L_{negatif}' });\n  var x0Helper_4 = calculator4.HelperExpression({ latex: 'x_0' });\n  var parHelper_4 = calculator4.HelperExpression({ latex: 'p_{ar}' });\n  var dHelper_6 = calculator6.HelperExpression({ latex: 'd' });\n\n  \/\/ Sink\n  aHelper.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = aHelper.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator4.setExpression({ id: '16', latex: `a=${value}` });\n\t  calculator5.setExpression({ id: '7', latex: `a=${value}` });\n\t  calculator6.setExpression({ id: '7', latex: `a=${value}` });\n\t  calculator7.setExpression({ id: '16', latex: `a=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n  \n  LpositifHelper_1.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = LpositifHelper_1.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator2.setExpression({ id: '3', latex: `L_{positif}=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n  LnegatifHelper_1.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = LnegatifHelper_1.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator2.setExpression({ id: '5', latex: `L_{negatif}=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n  \n  x0Helper_1.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = x0Helper_1.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator3.setExpression({ id: '3', latex: `x_0=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n  LtotalHelper_1.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = LtotalHelper_1.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator3.setExpression({ id: '7', latex: `L_{total}=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n  \n  x0Helper_4.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = x0Helper_4.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator5.setExpression({ id: '3', latex: `x_0=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n  parHelper_4.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = parHelper_4.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator5.setExpression({ id: '58', latex: `p_{ar}=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n  \n  dHelper_6.observe('numericValue', function() {\n    var value = dHelper_6.numericValue;\n    if (!isNaN(value)) {\n      calculator7.setExpression({ id: '83', latex: `d=${value}` });\n    }\n  });\n\n<\/script>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As you explore these two graphs, think about the following question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>Why does the slope of the tangent line in <a href=\"#calculator6\">Visualization 3-1<\/a> always match the value of the function shown by the red graph in <a href=\"#calculator7\">Visualization 3-2<\/a>, no matter which value of <em>x<\/em> you choose?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>What's next? To see how the functions you've explored here can be used to model real-world situations, continue to <a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/learning-resources\/connecting-distance-and-speed\/\">Connecting Distance and Speed<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-twentytwentyone-border\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"related-topics\">\n  <h3>Explore related topics<\/h3>\n  <p>Discover more contents with related topics in this website.<\/p>\n  <ul class=\"topics-list\">\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s=Mathematics\">Mathematics<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s=Kalkulus\">Calculus<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s=Integral\">Integral<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s=Derivative\">Derivative<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s=Differential\">Differential<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s=Area\">Area<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s=Interactive+Learning+Resource\">Interactive Learning Resource<\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore how accumulation and rates of change are connected through interactive visualizations that bring the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to life.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1693,"parent":1140,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Yosep Dwi Kristanto \u2014 Universitas Sanata Dharma<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/learning-resources\/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Yosep Dwi Kristanto \u2014 Universitas Sanata Dharma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explore how accumulation and rates of change are connected through interactive visualizations that bring the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to life.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/learning-resources\/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Yosep Dwi Kristanto \u2014 Universitas Sanata Dharma\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-17T15:13:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/header-learning-resources.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/\",\"name\":\"Yosep Dwi Kristanto \\u2014 Universitas Sanata Dharma\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/learning-resources\/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/header-learning-resources.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/header-learning-resources.png\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":600},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/learning-resources\/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/people.usd.ac.id\/~ydkristanto\/index.php\/learning-resources\/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus\/\",\"name\":\"The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - 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